Glycemic Index (GI), Glycemic Load (GL) and Lung Cancer Risk

Posted on March 17, 2016 by Maurice Preter MD

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Glycemic Index (GI), Glycemic Load (GL) and Lung Cancer Risk

http://tinyurl.com/jq5hmqq

Stephanie C. Melkonian1,
Carrie R. Daniel1,
Yuanqing Ye1,
Jeanne A. Pierzynski1,
Jack A. Roth2, and
Xifeng Wu1,*,

1Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.

2Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.

↵*Corresponding Author:

Xifeng Wu, Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 1340, 1155 Pressler Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030. Phone: 713-745-2485; Fax: 713-792-4657; E-mail: xwu@mdanderson.org

Abstract

Background: Postprandial glucose (PPG) and insulin responses play a role in carcinogenesis. We evaluated the association between dietary glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL), markers of carbohydrate intake and PPG, and lung cancer risk in non-Hispanic whites.

Methods: GL and GI were assessed among 1,905 newly diagnosed lung cancer cases recruited from the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (Houston, TX) and 2,413 healthy controls recruited at Kelsey-Seybold Clinics (Houston, TX). We assessed associations between quintiles of GI/GL and lung cancer risk and effect modification by various risk factors. ORs and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using multivariable logistic regression.

Results: We observed a significant association between GI [5th vs. 1st quintile (Q) OR = 1.49; 95% CI, 1.21–1.83; Ptrend <0.001] and lung cancer risk and GIac (5th vs. 1st Q OR = 1.48; 95% CI, 1.20–1.81; Ptrend = 0.001) and lung cancer risk. We observed a more pronounced association between GI and lung cancer risk among never smokers (5th vs. 1st Q OR = 2.25; 95% CI, 1.42–3.57), squamous cell carcinomas (SCC; 5th vs. 1st Q OR = 1.92; 95% CI, 1.30–2.83), and those with less than 12 years of education (5th vs. 1st Q OR = 1.75; 95% CI, 1.19–2.58, Pinteraction = 0.02).

Conclusion: This study suggests that dietary GI and other lung cancer risk factors may jointly and independently influence lung cancer etiology.

Impact: Understanding the role of GI in lung cancer could inform prevention strategies and elucidate biologic pathways related to lung cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 25(3); 532–9. ©2016 AACR.

Footnotes

Note: Supplementary data for this article are available at Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention Online (http://cebp.aacrjournals.org/).

Received July 13, 2015.
Revision received December 14, 2015.
Accepted January 1, 2016.
©2016 American Association for Cancer Research.

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Significant Associations with the Inflammation Biomarkers for age, BMI, Dietary Saturated fat, and EPA+DHA Omega-3 fatty acids

Posted on March 17, 2016 by Maurice Preter MD

 

Significant Associations with the Inflammation Biomarkers for age, BMI, Dietary Saturated fat, and EPA+DHA Omega-3 fatty acids

http://tinyurl.com/hyjq6hn

Sandi L. Navarro1,*,
Elizabeth D. Kantor1,2,
Xiaoling Song1,
Ginger L. Milne3,
Johanna W. Lampe1,
Mario Kratz1, and
Emily White1

1Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Division of Public Health Sciences, Seattle, Washington.
2Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, New York, New York.
3Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee.

↵*Corresponding Author:

Sandi L. Navarro, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N, M4-B402, Seattle, WA 98109. Phone: 206-667-6583; Fax: 206-667-7850; E-mail:snavarro@fredhutch.org

Abstract

Background: While much is known about correlates of C-reactive protein (CRP), little is known about correlates of other inflammation biomarkers. As these measures are increasingly being used in epidemiologic studies, it is important to determine what factors affect inflammation biomarker concentrations.

Methods: Using age, sex, and body mass index (BMI) adjusted linear regression, we examined 38 exposures (demographic and anthropometric measures, chronic disease history, NSAIDs, dietary factors, and supplement use) of 8 inflammation biomarkers [CRP, IL1β, IL6, IL8, TNFα, and soluble TNF receptors (sTNFR) in plasma; and prostaglandin E2 metabolite (PGE-M) in urine] in 217 adults, ages 50 to 76 years.

Results: Increasing age was associated with higher concentrations of all biomarkers except IL1β. BMI was positively associated with CRP and sTNFR I and II. Saturated fat intake was associated with increased CRP, sTNFRII, TNFα, and IL1β, whereas eicosapentaenoic acid + docosahexaenoic acid (EPA+DHA) intake (diet or total) was associated with decreased CRP, TNFα, and IL1β. Results for sex were varied: CRP and IL6 were lower among men, whereas PGE-M and sTNFRI were higher. Higher CRP was also associated with smoking, hormone replacement therapy use, and γ-tocopherol intake; lower CRP with physical activity, and intakes of dietary vitamin C and total fiber.

Conclusions: Although the associations varied by biomarker, the factors having the greatest number of significant associations (P ≤ 0.05) with the inflammation biomarkers were age, BMI, dietary saturated fat, and EPA+DHA omega-3 fatty acids.

Impact: Our results suggest that potential confounders in epidemiologic studies assessing associations with inflammation biomarkers vary across specific biomarkers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 25(3); 521–31. ©2016 AACR.

Received September 9, 2015.

Revision received December 23, 2015.

Accepted December 28, 2015.

©2016 American Association for Cancer Research.

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Metformin use after Cervical Cancer Diagnosis among Older Women with Diabetes may be Associated with a Significant Decrease in Mortality

Posted on March 16, 2016 by Maurice Preter MD

 

Metformin use after Cervical Cancer Diagnosis among Older Women with Diabetes may be Associated with a Significant Decrease in Mortality

http://tinyurl.com/jjrnofe

Kathy Han1,2,*,
Melania Pintilie3,
Lorraine L. Lipscombe4,55,
Iliana C. Lega4,
Michael F. Milosevic1,2, and
Anthony W. Fyles1,2

1Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
2Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
3Department of Biostatistics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
4Women’s College Research Institute, Women’s College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
5Institute of Clinical Evaluative Studies, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

↵*Corresponding Author:

Kathy Han, Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada. Phone: 141-6946-2919; Fax: 141-6946-6561; E-mail: Kathy.Han@rmp.uhn.on.ca
Note: M.F. Milosevic and A.W. Fyles contributed equally to this article.

Abstract

Background: To examine the association between metformin use and mortality in patients with diabetes and cervical cancer.

Methods: Using Ontario health databases, a retrospective, population-based cohort study was conducted in women with diabetes ≥ age 66 years diagnosed with cervical cancer between 1997 and 2010. The association between metformin exposure and cervical cancer–specific mortality was examined using Fine–Gray regression models, with noncancer death as a competing risk and cumulative metformin use as a time-varying exposure. The association with overall mortality was examined using Cox regression models.

Results: Among the 181 women with diabetes and cervical cancer, there were 129 deaths, including 61 cervical cancer–specific deaths. The median follow-up was 5.8 years (interquartile range 4.2–9.6 years) for surviving patients. Cumulative dose of metformin after cervical cancer diagnosis was independently associated with a decreased risk of cervical cancer–specific mortality and overall mortality in a dose-dependent fashion [HR 0.79; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.63–0.98; and HR 0.95; 95% CI, 0.90–0.996 per each additional 365 g of metformin use, respectively]. There was no significant association between cumulative use of other antidiabetic drugs and cervical cancer–specific mortality.

Conclusion: This study suggests an association between cumulative metformin use after cervical cancer diagnosis and lower cervical cancer–specific and overall mortality among older women with diabetes.

Impact: Cumulative dose of metformin use after cervical cancer diagnosis among older women with diabetes may be associated with a significant decrease in mortality. This finding has important implications if validated prospectively, as metformin is inexpensive and can be easily combined with standard treatment for cervical cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 25(3); 507–12. ©2015 AACR.

Received September 29, 2015.

Revision received December 18, 2015.

Accepted December 18, 2015.

©2015 American Association for Cancer Research.

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Higher Rates of Antidepressant Use Associated With Alzheimer’s Disease

Posted on March 16, 2016 by Maurice Preter MD

Higher Rates of Antidepressant Use Associated With Alzheimer’s Disease

http://tinyurl.com/j25ksu5

Puranen A1,2, Taipale H1,2,3, Koponen M1,2, Tanskanen A4,5,6, Tolppanen AM2,3, Tiihonen J4,6, Hartikainen S1,2.

1Kuopio Research Centre of Geriatric Care, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
2School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
3Research Centre for Comparative Effectiveness and Patient Safety (RECEPS), University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
4Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
5National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.
6Department of Forensic Psychiatry, Niuvanniemi Hospital, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.

Abstract

OBJECTIVES:

The study aimed to investigate the incidence of antidepressant use in persons with and without Alzheimer’s disease (AD) from 9 years before to 4 years after AD diagnosis and to examine the incidence of different antidepressant groups.

METHODS:

We used register-based data from the Medication use and Alzheimer’s disease cohort including all Finnish persons diagnosed with AD in 2005-2011 with their age-matched and gender-matched comparison persons without AD. In this study, 62,104 persons with AD and 62,104 comparison persons were included. Data on dispensed antidepressants during 1995-2012 were collected from the Prescription Register. A 1-year washout period was utilized to measure the rate of new antidepressant users every 6-month period starting from 9 years before and until 4 years after the AD diagnoses. The incidence rate between persons with and without AD was compared with Poisson regression.

RESULTS:

The incidence of antidepressant use in persons with AD was higher during the whole study period compared with that in persons without AD. The incidence rate was highest at 6 months after AD diagnosis (incidence rate ratio = 5.22, 95% confidence interval 4.77-5.72). Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors were the most frequently initiated group (61.3% of initiations in persons with AD).

CONCLUSIONS:

The incidence of antidepressant use was higher in persons with AD than in comparison persons, and it was not explained by history of hospital-treated psychiatric disorders. Widespread use of antidepressants in persons with AD is concerning as their efficacy is controversial and their use is associated with adverse events.

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Hostile attitudes and effortful coping in young adulthood predict cognition 25 years later

Posted on March 9, 2016 by Maurice Preter MD

 

Hostile attitudes and effortful coping in young adulthood predict cognition 25 years later

http://tinyurl.com/zg5xmrl

Emiliano Albanese, MD, PhD, Karen A. Matthews, PhD, Julia Zhang, MSc, David R. Jacobs Jr, PhD, Rachel A. Whitmer, PhD, Virginia G. Wadley, PhD, Kristine Yaffe, MD, Stephen Sidney, MD, PhD and Lenore J. Launer, PhD

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Correspondence to Dr. Launer: launerl@nia.nih.gov

Published online before print March 2, 2016doi:http:/​/​dx.​doi.​org/​10.​1212/​WNL.​0000000000002517Neurology 10.1212/WNL.0000000000002517

ABSTRACT

Objective: We studied the relation of early-life (mean age 25 years) and mid-life (mean age 50 years) cognitive function to early measures of hostile attitudes and effortful coping.

Methods: In 3,126 black and white men and women (born in 1955–1968) from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study (CARDIA), we used linear regression to examine the association of hostile attitudes (Cook-Medley questionnaire) and effortful coping assessed at baseline (1985–1986) to cognitive ability measured in 1987 and to a composite cognitive Z score of tests of verbal memory, psychomotor speed, and executive function ascertained in midlife (2010–2011).

Results: Baseline hostility and effortful coping were prospectively associated with lower cognitive function 25 years later, controlling for age, sex, race, education, long-term exposure to depression, discrimination, negative life events, and baseline cognitive ability. Compared to the lowest quartile, those in the highest quartile of hostility performed 0.21 SD units lower (95% confidence interval [CI] −0.39, −0.02). Those in the highest quartile of effortful coping performed 0.30 SD units lower (95% CI −0.48, −0.12) compared to those in the lowest quartile. Further adjustment for cumulative exposure to cardiovascular risk factors attenuated the association with the cognitive composite Z score for hostility.

Conclusions: Worse cognition in midlife was independently associated with 2 psychological characteristics measured in young adulthood. This suggests that interventions that promote positive social interactions may have a role in reducing risk of late-age cognitive impairment.

  • Received June 14, 2015.
  • Accepted in final form December 14, 2015.
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