Reactivated herpes simplex infection increases the risk of Alzheimer’s disease.

Posted on June 9, 2015 by Maurice Preter MD
Alzheimers Dement. 2014 Jul 17. pii: S1552-5260(14)02421-2. doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2014.04.522. [Epub ahead of print]

Reactivated herpes simplex infection increases the risk of Alzheimer’s disease.

Abstract

BACKGROUND:

Previous studies have suggested a link between herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 and the development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD).

METHODS:

The present analysis included 3432 persons (53.9% women, mean age at inclusion 62.7 ± 14.4 years) with a mean follow-up time of 11.3 years. The number of incident AD cases was 245. Serum samples were analyzed for anti-HSV antibodies (immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgM) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.

RESULTS:

The presence of anti-HSV IgG antibodies was not associated with an increased risk for AD, controlled for age and sex (hazard ratio, HR, 0.993, P = .979). However, the presence of anti-HSV IgM at baseline was associated with an increased risk of developing AD (HR 1.959, P = .012).

CONCLUSION:

Positivity for anti-HSV IgM, a sign of reactivated infection, was found to almost double the risk for AD, whereas the presence of anti-HSV IgG antibodies did not affect the risk.

Copyright © 2014 The Alzheimer’s Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

KEYWORDS:

Alzheimer’s disease; Cohort study; Dementia; HSV; Herpes; Herpes simplex

PMID:

 

25043910

 

[PubMed – as supplied by publisher]
Posted in Aging, China, dietary, epigenetics, Events, Fifth Avenue Concierge Medicine, Forensic Neuropsychiatry, Health, keto, News, Psychiatry/Neurology | Tagged |

CMV infection may be associated with an increased risk of Alzheimer Disease

Posted on June 9, 2015 by Maurice Preter MD
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection may be associated with an increased risk of Alzheimer Disease.
J Infect Dis. 2015 Jan 15;211(2):230-7. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiu437. Epub 2014 Aug 8.

Cytomegalovirus infection and risk of Alzheimer disease in older black and white individuals.

Abstract

BACKGROUND:

Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) is prevalent in older adults and has been implicated in many chronic diseases of aging. This study investigated the relation between CMV and the risk of Alzheimer disease (AD).

METHODS:

Data come from 3 cohort studies that included 849 participants (mean age [±SD], 78.6 ± 7.2 years; mean education duration [±SD], 15.4 ± 3.3 years; 25% black).

RESULTS:

A solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used for detecting type-specific immunoglobulin G antibody responses to CMV and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) measured in archived serum samples. Of 849 participants, 73.4% had serologic evidence of exposure to CMV (89.0% black and 68.2% white; P < .001). During an average of 5.0 years of follow-up, 93 persons developed AD. CMV seropositivity was associated with an increased risk of AD (relative risk, 2.15; 95% confidence interval, 1.42-3.27) and a faster rate of decline in global cognition (estimate [±standard error], -0.02 ± 0.01; P = .03) in models that controlled for age, sex, education duration, race, vascular risk factors, vascular diseases, and apolipoprotein ε4 level. Results were similar in black and white individuals for both incident AD and change in cognitive function and were independent of HSV-1 status.

CONCLUSIONS:

These results suggest that CMV infection is associated with an increased risk of AD and a faster rate of cognitive decline in older diverse populations.

© The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.

KEYWORDS:

Alzheimer’s disease; CMV; epidemiology; race

PMID:

 

25108028

 

[PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] 
PMCID:

 

PMC4326304
 [Available on 2016-01-15]
Posted in Aging, China, dietary, epigenetics, Events, Fifth Avenue Concierge Medicine, Forensic Neuropsychiatry, Health, keto, News, Psychiatry/Neurology | Tagged |

Herpes infection significantly associated with Alzheimer’s Disease

Posted on June 9, 2015 by Maurice Preter MD
Alzheimers Dement. 2014 Oct 7. pii: S1552-5260(14)02770-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2014.07.157. [Epub ahead of print]

Herpes simplex infection and the risk of Alzheimer’s disease-A nested case-control study.

Author information

  • 1Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Geriatric Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden. Electronic address: hugo.lovheim@germed.umu.se.
  • 2Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
  • 3Department of Odontology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Nutritional Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
  • 4Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Geriatric Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Nutritional Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
  • 5Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Nutritional Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
  • 6Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.

Abstract

BACKGROUND:

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is thought to play an etiological role in the development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD).

METHODS:

Plasma samples from 360 AD cases (75.3% women, mean age 61.2 years) and 360 age- and sex-matched dementia-free controls, taken on average 9.6 years before AD diagnosis, were analyzed for anti-HSV antibodies (immunoglobulin G, IgG, and immunoglobulin M, IgM) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.

RESULTS:

In the complete sample group, the presence of anti-HSV IgG and IgM antibodies did not increase the risk of AD significantly (odds ratio (OR) 1.636, P = .069 and OR 1.368, P = .299, respectively). In cases with 6.6 years or more between plasma sampling and AD diagnosis (n = 270), there was a significant association between presence of anti-HSV IgG antibodies and AD (OR 2.250, P = .019).

CONCLUSION:

Among persons with a follow-up time of 6.6 years or more, HSV infection was significantly associated with AD.

Copyright © 2014 The Alzheimer’s Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

KEYWORDS:

Alzheimer’s disease; Dementia; HSV; Herpes; Herpes simplex; Nested case-control study

PMID:

 

25304990

 

[PubMed – as supplied by publisher] 
Posted in Aging, China, dietary, epigenetics, Events, Fifth Avenue Concierge Medicine, Forensic Neuropsychiatry, Health, keto, News, Psychiatry/Neurology | Tagged |

Diabetes in midlife and cognitive change over 20 years: a cohort study.

Posted on June 8, 2015 by Maurice Preter MD

Ann Intern Med. 2014 Dec 2;161(11):785-93. doi: 10.7326/M14-0737.

Diabetes in midlife and cognitive change over 20 years: a cohort study.

Abstract

BACKGROUND:

Type 2 diabetes is associated with dementia risk, but evidence is limited for possible associations of diabetes and prediabetes with cognitive decline.

OBJECTIVE:

To determine whether diabetes in midlife is associated with 20-year cognitive decline and to characterize long-term cognitive decline across clinical categories of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels.

DESIGN:

Prospective cohort study.

SETTING:

The community-based ARIC (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities) study.

PARTICIPANTS:

13,351 black and white adults aged 48 to 67 years at baseline (1990 to 1992).

MEASUREMENTS:

Diabetes was defined by self-reported physician diagnosis or medication use or HbA1c level of 6.5% or greater. Undiagnosed diabetes, prediabetes, and glucose control in persons with diagnosed diabetes were defined by clinical categories of HbA1c level. Delayed word recall, digit symbol substitution, and word fluency tests were used to assess cognitive performance and were summarized with a global Z score.

RESULTS:

Diabetes in midlife was associated with a 19% greater cognitive decline over 20 years (adjusted global Z-score difference, -0.15 [;95% CI, -0.22 to -0.08];) compared with no diabetes. Cognitive decline was significantly greater among persons with prediabetes (HbA1c level of 5.7% to 6.4%) than among those with an HbA1c level less than 5.7%. Participants with poorly controlled diabetes (HbA1c level ≥ 7.0%) had greater decline than those whose diabetes was controlled (adjusted global Z-score difference, -0.16; P = 0.071). Longer-duration diabetes was also associated with greater late-life cognitive decline (P for trend < 0.001). Rates of decline did not differ significantly between white and black persons (P for interaction = 0.44).

LIMITATION:

Single HbA1c measurement at baseline, 1 test per cognitive domain, and potential geographic confounding of race comparisons.

CONCLUSION:

Diabetes prevention and glucose control in midlife may protect against late-life cognitive decline.

PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE:

National Institutes of Health.

PMID:

 

25437406

 

[PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] 
PMCID:

 

PMC4432464

 

Free PMC Article

Posted in Aging, China, dietary, epigenetics, Events, Fifth Avenue Concierge Medicine, Forensic Neuropsychiatry, Health, keto, News, Psychiatry/Neurology | Tagged |

Elevated HbA1c is associated with increased risk of incident dementia in primary care patients.

Posted on June 8, 2015 by Maurice Preter MD

J Alzheimers Dis. 2015;44(4):1203-12. doi: 10.3233/JAD-141521.

Elevated HbA1c is associated with increased risk of incident dementia in primary care patients.

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a risk factor of dementia. The effect of T2DM treatment quality on dementia risk, however, is unclear. 1,342 elderly individuals recruited via general practitioner registries (AgeCoDe cohort) were analyzed. This study analyzed the association between HbA1c level and the incidence of all-cause dementia (ACD) and of Alzheimer’s disease dementia (referred to here as AD). HbA1c levels ≥6.5% were associated with 2.8-fold increased risk of incident ACD (p = 0.027) and for AD (p = 0.047). HbA1c levels ≥7% were associated with a five-fold increased risk of incident ACD (p = 0.001) and 4.7-fold increased risk of incident AD (p = 0.004). The T2DM diagnosis per se did not increase the risk of either ACD or AD. Higher levels of HbA1c are associated with increased risk of ACD and AD in an elderly population. T2DM diagnosis was not associated with increased risk if HbA1c levels were below 7%.

KEYWORDS:

Alzheimer’s disease; diabetes mellitus; epidemiology; glycosylated hemoglobin; incident dementia

PMID:

 

25524954

 

[PubMed – in process]
Posted in Aging, China, dietary, epigenetics, Events, Fifth Avenue Concierge Medicine, Forensic Neuropsychiatry, Health, keto, News, Psychiatry/Neurology | Tagged |